*SHOW ~ Grass Genera - character list.

*CHARACTER LIST

#1. including <synonyms: genera included in the current
          description>/

#2. <longevity of plants>/
       1. annual <or biennial, without remains of old sheaths or culms>/
       2. perennial <with remains of old sheaths and/or culms>/

#3. <mature> culms <maximum height: data unreliable for large genera>/
       cm high/

#4. culms <whether woody or herbaceous>/
       1. woody and persistent/
       2. herbaceous <not woody, not persistent>/

#5. culms <whether branched above>/
       1. branched <vegetatively> above/
       2. unbranched <vegetatively> above/

#6. culm nodes <whether hairy or glabrous>/
       1. hairy/
       2. glabrous/

#7. leaf blades <shape: data incomplete>/
       1. linear/
       2. linear-lanceolate/
       3. lanceolate/
       4. ovate-lanceolate/
       5. ovate/
       6. elliptic <oblong>/
       7. obovate/

#8. leaf blades <mid-width: data very incomplete>/
       mm wide/

#9. leaf blades <whether pseudopetiolate>/
       1. pseudopetiolate/
       2. not pseudopetiolate <<implicit>>/

#10. <adaxial> ligule <presence>/
       1. <consistently> present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent <at least from upper leaves>/

#11. <adaxial> ligule <form; avoid seedlings>/
       1. an unfringed membrane <may be variously hairy or ciliolate>/
       2. a fringed membrane/
       3. a fringe of hairs/
       4. a rim of minute papillae/

#12. plants <whether monoecious, with bisexual spikelets, or dioecious>/
       1. <bisexual, but> monoecious with all the fertile spikelets unisexual/
       2. bisexual, with <at least some> bisexual spikelets/
       3. dioecious <with separate male and female-fertile individuals>/

#13. inflorescence <chasmogamous: overall form>/
       1. a single spike/
       2. of spicate <spike-like> main branches <of spikes, narrow racemes or
          narrow panicles>/
       3. a false spike, with spikelets <or spikelet clusters> on contracted
          axes/
       4. a single raceme <at least some of the spikelets clearly pedicellate>/
       5. paniculate <and not readily referable to any of the other states>/

#14. inflorescence <whether open or contracted: mainly applied to panicles>/
       1. open/
       2. contracted <very compact, or narrow and spike-like>/

#15. inflorescence <whether comprising a complex of partial
          inflorescences and intervening foliar organs (= leaves,
          spathes, spatheoles)>/
       1. a complex of partial inflorescences and intervening
          foliar organs <i.e., a pseudo-inflorescence>/
       2. not comprising partial inflorescences and foliar
          organs/

#16. spikelet-bearing axes <whether disarticulating; note that spikelet-bearing
          axes may be greatly reduced>/
       1. disarticulating <often manifested in clearly articulated rachides.
          Excluding inflorescences falling whole (tumbleweeds)>/
       2. persistent <not disarticulating: implicit>/

#17. spikelet-bearing axes <manner of disarticulation>/
       1. falling entire/
       2. disarticulating at the joints/

#18. spikelets <grouping: recorded mainly in spikes and racemes>/
       1. <mainly> solitary/
       2. <consistently> paired/
       3. <consistently> in triplets/

#19. spikelets <whether secund>/
       1. secund/
       2. not secund/

#20. spikelets <whether in regular long-and-short
          combinations, as exemplified in typical andropogonoids>/
       1. consistently in long-and-short combinations <i.e.,
          pedicellate/sessile or long-pedicel/short-pedicel pairs or triplets:
          currently includes andropogonoid forms with the pedicellate
          spikelets reduced to their pedicels>/
       2. not <consistently> in distinct long-and-short combinations
          <<implicit>>/

#21. spikelets <detail of long-and-short combinations
          (intended mainly for andropogonoids)>/
       1. in pedicellate/sessile combinations/
       2. unequally pedicellate in each combination/

#22. pedicels of the pedicellate spikelets <whether fused with
          the rachis: intended for andropogonoids>/
       1. discernible, but <extensively> fused with the rachis/
       2. free of the rachis/

#23. the shorter <andropogonoid> spikelets <sessile or
          shorter-pedicelled, sexuality>/
       1. hermaphrodite/
       2. female-only/
       3. male-only/
       4. sterile/

#24. the longer <andropogonoid> spikelets <pedicelled or
          longer-pedicelled, sexuality>/
       1. hermaphrodite/
       2. female-only/
       3. male-only/
       4. sterile <comment if reduced to pedicels>/

#25. <comments on female-sterile spikelets>/

#26. <female-fertile> spikelets <approximate length, excluding any awns>/
       mm long/

#27. <female-fertile> spikelets <plane of compression>/
       1. compressed laterally <lying on the side when placed on a flat
          surface>/
       2. not noticeably compressed <terete>/
       3. compressed <dorsally, ventrally or> dorsiventrally <lying on front or
          back when placed on a flat surface>/

#28. <female-fertile> spikelets <location of disarticulation positions>/
       1. <readily> disarticulating above the glumes <when mature>/
       2. disarticulating between the glumes/
       3. falling with the glumes <when mature> <pending data changes, including
          forms where the spikelets are shed by inflorescence disarticulation>/
       4. not disarticulating <common in cultivated cereals>/

#29. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether rachilla disarticulates between the
          florets of spikelets with two or more fertile florets>/
       1. not disarticulating between the florets/
       2. disarticulating between the florets/

#30. rachilla <of female-fertile spikelets, whether terminated by a
          female-fertile floret, or prolonged>/
       1. prolonged beyond the uppermost female-fertile floret <i.e. not
          terminated by a female-fertile floret: note that
          racemose spikelets with three or more female-fertile
          florets have all been awarded this state>/
       2. terminated by a female-fertile floret <not
          prolonged>/

#31. hairy callus <presence>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/

#32. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, present or absent>/
       1. present <<implicit>>/
       2. absent/

#33. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, number: glumes are
          barren, with neither axillary spikelets nor florets>/
       1. one per spikelet/
       2. two/
       3. several/

#34. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether markedly unequal in the intact
          spikelet; regardless of any differences in form>/
       1. very unequal <in length in the intact spikelet>/
       2. more or less equal <in length in the intact spikelet: generally
          includes subequal>/

#35. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, lengths relative to proximal
          (adjacent) lemmas; refers to the longer glume when glumes unequal>/
       1. <decidedly> shorter than the adjacent lemmas <in intact spikelets>/
       2. long relative to the adjacent lemmas <more or less equalling or
          exceeding them>/

#36. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether awned>/
       1. awned/
       2. awnless/

#37. glumes <of female-fertile spikelets, whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled to
          middle or below)>/
       1. carinate <one-keeled>/
       2. non-carinate <includes forms with more than one keel, as well as those
          with non-keeled glumes>/

#38. upper glume <(or the single glume) of female-fertile spikelets, mid-zone
          nerve number>/
       nerved/

#39. <female-fertile> spikelets <whether containing sterile or male-only florets
          in addition to female-fertile florets>/
       1. <normally> with female-fertile florets only/
       2. <or at least some of them, normally> with incomplete <sterile or
          male-only> florets <note that the situation at the apex of spikelets
          with more than three florets is often unknown or unclear>/

#40. the incomplete <male or sterile> florets <position in spikelet>/
       1. proximal to the female-fertile florets/
       2. distal to the female-fertile florets/
       3. both distal and proximal to the female-fertile florets/

#41. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets, when
          present, number (intended mainly for panicoids)>/

#42. the proximal incomplete florets <of the female-fertile spikelets:
          sexuality>/
       1. male/
       2. sterile/

#43. the proximal <imperfect> lemmas <of the female-fertile spikelets: whether
          awned>/
       1. awned/
       2. awnless/

#44. <number of> female-fertile florets <per female-fertile spikelet>/

#45. <female-fertile> lemmas <shape of apex>/
       1. entire/
       2. incised/

#46. <female-fertile> lemmas <entire, whether pointed or blunt>/
       1. pointed/
       2. blunt/

#47. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether mucronate or awned>/
       1. awnless <neither mucronate nor awned>/
       2. mucronate <with a short, hard point or vestigial or incipient awn>/
       3. awned/

#48. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, if present, number>/

#49. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, position of (main, median)>/
       1. from a sinus/
       2. dorsal/
       3. apical/

#50. awns <of female-fertile lemmas, whether straight or geniculate when dry>/
       1. non-geniculate <straight or curved>/
       2. geniculate <usually twisted at the base>/

#51. awns <main, median of the female-fertile lemmas, relative length>/
       1. much shorter than the body of the lemma/
       2. about as long as the body of the lemma/
       3. much longer than the body of the lemma/

#52. <female-fertile> lemmas <whether carinate (i.e., one-keeled at least to the
          middle on the back>/
       1. carinate <with a single median keel>/
       2. non-carinate <rounded, flat, with two or more keels>/

#53. <female-fertile> lemmas <presence of germination flap>/
       1. with a clear germination flap <when mature>/
       2. without a germination flap/

#54. <female-fertile> lemmas <number of nerves traversing mid-region>/
       nerved/

#55. palea <female-fertile, presence in female-fertile florets>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/

#56. palea <female-fertile, relative size>/
       1. relatively long <three-quarters or more of female-fertile lemma
          length>/
       2. conspicuous but relatively short <less than three-quarters of
          female-fertile lemma length>/
       3. very reduced <or vestigial>/

#57. lodicules <presence in female-fertile florets>/
       1. present/
       2. absent/

#58. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, texture>/
       1. <distally> fleshy <cuneate; panicoid type>/
       2. <distally> membranous <i.e. pooid type>/

#59. lodicules <of female-fertile florets, whether hairy>/
       1. ciliate <or hairy>/
       2. glabrous/

#60. stamens <number per female-fertile floret (not applicable to male spikelets
          or male florets)>/

#61. ovary <of female-fertile florets, whether apex glabrous or hairy>/
       1. glabrous/
       2. hairy/

#62. stigmas <number>/

#63. stigmas <colour, in chasmogamous spikelets>/
       1. white/
       2. red <anthocyanin> pigmented/
       3. <golden> brown/

#64. fruit <length when mature>/
       1. small <less than 4 mm>/
       2. medium sized <410 mm>/
       3. large <more than 10 mm long>/

#65. fruit <or grain surface pattern>/
       1. sculptured/
       2. <relatively> smooth <the near-universal condition: implicit>/

#66. hilum <form>/
       1. short <punctiform or shortly elliptical, less than half length of
          fruit>/
       2. long-linear <more than half as long as fruit>/

#67. pericarp <whether fused or loose (or free)>/
       1. free/
       2. loosely adherent <fairly easily removable when soaked>/
       3. fused <implicit, except in Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae>/

#68. <maximum cells-distant count; reliably indicative of photosynthetic
          pathway>/
       1. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of one, reliably predicting>
          C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}/
       2. <showing a maximum cells-distant count of two or more, reliably
          predicting> C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}/

#69. <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}> biochemical type <as determined by enzyme assay>/
       1. PCK/
       2. NADME/
       3. NADPME/

#70. <leaf blade XyMS: reliably indicative of C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} type>/
       1. XyMS+ <C\sub{}3\nosupersub{}, or C\sub{}4\nosupersub{}
          aspartate formers type PCK or NADME
          (exceptions: Eriachneae)>/
       2. XyMS <C\sub{}4\nosupersub{} malate formers,
          type NADPME>/

#71. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of arm cells (= ratchet
          cells)>/
       1. with arm cells/
       2. without arm cells <implicit when ts adequately described>/

#72. <leaf blade> mesophyll <presence of fusoid cells>/
       1. with fusoids/
       2. without fusoids <implicit when ts adequately described>/

#73. midrib <of the leaf blade, prominence>/
       1. conspicuous <prominent in the outline, with distinctive sclerenchyma,
          etc.>/
       2. not readily distinguishable <other than by position>/

#74. midrib <of the mid leaf blade, vascularization>/
       1. with one bundle only/
       2. having a conventional arc of bundles <i.e. at least three bundles>/
       3. having complex vascularization <i.e. with more than one bundle, not
          arranged in a conventional arc>/

#75. midrib <and/or middle part of leaf blade, whether extensively of colourless
          cells adaxially>/
       1. with <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially/
       2. without <conspicuous> colourless tissue adaxially <implicit when ts
          adequately described>/

#76. <presence in the leaf blade of small vascular bundles unaccompanied by
          sclerenchyma>/
       1. many of the smallest vascular bundles unaccompanied by sclerenchyma/
       2. all <or nearly all> the vascular bundles accompanied by sclerenchyma/

#77. <\i{}Zea mays\i0{}>/
       1. fruiting inflorescence a massive, spatheate cob, the fruits in many
          rows/
       2. fruiting inflorescence not as in maize <<implicit>>/

#78. <subfamily>/
       1. Pooideae/
       2. Bambusoideae/
       3. Arundinoideae/
       4. Chloridoideae/
       5. Panicoideae/

#79. <supertribes of Watson \i{}et al\i0{}. 1985, with name endings changed>/
       1. Triticodae/
       2. Poodae/
       3. Oryzodae/
       4. Bambusodae/
       5. Panicodae/
       6. Andropogonodae/

#80. <tribe of Pooideae>/
       1. Triticeae/
       2. Brachypodieae/
       3. Bromeae/
       4. Aveneae <including Agrostideae, Phalarideae>/
       5. Meliceae/
       6. Seslerieae/
       7. Poeae <including Hainardieae, Monermeae>/

#81. <tribe of Bambusoideae>/
       1. Oryzeae/
       2. Olyreae/
       3. Centotheceae/
       4. Anomochloeae/
       5. Brachyelytreae/
       6. Diarrheneae/
       7. Ehrharteae/
       8. Phaenospermateae/
       9. Phyllorhachideae/
       10. Phareae/
       11. Streptochaeteae/
       12. Streptogyneae/
       13. Guaduelleae/
       14. Puelieae/
       15. Bambuseae/

#82. <tribe of Arundinoideae>/
       1. Steyermarkochloeae/
       2. Stipeae/
       3. Nardeae/
       4. Lygeae/
       5. Arundineae/
       6. Danthonieae <and satellites>/
       7. Cyperochloeae/
       8. Micraireae/
       9. Spartochloeae/
       10. Aristideae/
       11. Eriachneae/
       12. Amphipogoneae/

#83. <tribe/assemblage of Chloridoideae>/
       1. Pappophoreae/
       2. Orcuttieae/
       3. Triodieae/
       4. main chloridoid assemblage <including Chlorideae, Cynodonteae,
          Eragrosteae, Sporoboleae, Aeluropodeae, Jouveae, Unioleae, Leptureae,
          Lappagineae, Spartineae, Trageae, Perotideae, Pommereulleae>/

#84. <tribe of Panicoideae>/
       1. Isachneae/
       2. Paniceae/
       3. Neurachneae/
       4. Arundinelleae/
       5. Andropogoneae/
       6. Maydeae/

#85. <number of species>/
       species/

#86. <floristic Kingdoms: after Takhtajan 1969>/
       1. Holarctic/
       2. Paleotropical/
       3. Neotropical/
       4. Cape/
       5. Australian/
       6. Antarctic/

#87. <leaf anatomical references>/

#88. <illustrations:>/

#89. <abbreviated taxon name:>/
